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Temperature is an objective comparative measure of hot or cold. It is measured by a thermometer, which may work through the bulk behavior of a thermometric material, detection of thermal radiation, or particle kinetic energy. Several scales and units exist for measuring temperature, the most common being Celsius (denoted °C), Fahrenheit (denoted °F), and especially in science, Kelvin (denoted K).
The coldest theoretical temperature is absolute zero, at which the thermal motion in matter would be zero. However, an actual physical system or object can never attain a temperature of absolute zero. Absolute zero is denoted as 0 K on the Kelvin scale, −273.15 °C on the Celsius scale, and −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale.
For an ideal gas, temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the random microscopic motions of the constituent microscopic particles. Thermal vibration of a segment of proteinalpha helix: The amplitude of the vibrations increases with temperature.
Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, geology, chemistry, atmospheric sciences,medicine, and biology—as well as most aspects of daily life.
